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Westley and MacLean's Model of Communication was suggested by Bruce Westies (1915-1990) and Malcolm S. MacLean Jr . (1913-2001) in 1957. This model was an adaptation from Newcomb's model of communication, which talked about co-orientation for simultaneous orientation in a two way communication. It also consisted of some concepts from Lewin's model. Unlike Dance's Helical Model of Communication, the model says that communication does not begin when one person starts speaking, but it does when a person responds to something from his/her surroundings. The person must first receive message from the environment and then, he/she responds according to his/her object of orientation. The Westley and MacLean's model can be applied in two contexts: interpersonal and mass communication, the point of difference being the feedback.   Feedback is direct and fast in interpersonal communication and indirect and slow in mass communication. The model also differentiates message as...

The New Comb's model of communication was introduced by Theodore M Newcomb of the University of Michigan in 1953. He gives different approach to the communication process. The main purpose of this theory is to introduce the role of communication in a social relationship (society) and to maintain social equilibrium within the social system. He does not include the message as a separate entity in his diagram, implying it only by use of directional arrows. He concentrates on the social purpose of communication, showing all communication as a means of sustaining relationships between people. Sometimes it's called as an 'ABX model of communication . The Newcomb's model works in a triangular format or A-B-X system A-Sender B-Receiver X-Matter of Concern The relationship between A and B is like student and teacher, government and public or newspaper and readers. Sender and Receiver may work in a same flow but the same time some factor like 'X' may affect t...

  Schramm’s model of communication was postulated by Wilbur Schramm in 1954, where he suggested that communication is a two way process where both sender and receiver take turns to send and receive a message. The message is only sent after encoding so the sender is also called Encoder and encoded message is decoded under receipt by the receiver, making him the Decoder. This model was adapted from the theories of another theorist Osgood, so is also known as Osgood and Schramm model of communication or Encode-Decode Model of communication. Osgood replaced the linear model of communication with the circular process of communication and Schramm added the concept of field of experience to it. This model is described in Schramm’s book “The Process and Effects of Communication” . Different Components of Schramm’s Model Sender (Transmitter) is the person who sends the message. Encoder is the person who converts the message to be sent into codes. Decoder is the person who gets th...

  Communication model refers to the visual representation of communication process. Communication model performs certain function in developing communication skills and efficiency. Some important functions of communications model are mentioned below: 1.       Teaching The Elements of Communication Process: Communication model represents various elements involved in sending and receiving message. So from communication model, one can learn various aspects of communication process. For this reason, it is said that communication model teaches communication process. 2.       Conducting Research: The second important function of communication model is to help in conducting research in the field of communication. Communication model presents various aspects of communication logically that help the researchers are in understanding the pattern of communication. So with the help of communication models, the researchers can undertake com...

  Communication is process of exchanging verbal and non-verbal messages. It is a continuous process. Pre- requisite of communication is a message. This message must be conveyed through some medium to the recipient. It is essential that this message must be understood by the recipient in same terms as intended by the sender. He must respond within a time frame. Thus, communication is a two way process and is incomplete without a feedback from the recipient to the sender on how well the message is understood by him. The main components of communication process are as follows: 1.       Context- Communication is affected by the context in which it takes place. The context may be physical, social. Chronological or culture. Every communication proceeds with context. The sender chooses the message to communicate within a context. 2.       Sender/Encoder - Sender/ Encoder is a person who sends the message. A sender makes use of symb...

Types of communication vary in terms of participants, channels used, and contexts. The five main forms of communication, all of which will be explored in much more detail in this article: 1.       Intrapersonal Communication 2.       Interpersonal Communication 3.       Group Communication 4.       Public Communication 5.       Mass Communication Intrapersonal Communication is communication with oneself using internal vocalization or reflective thinking. Like other forms of communication, intrapersonal communication is triggered by some internal or external stimulus. We may, for example, communicate with our self about what we want to eat due to the internal stimulus of hunger, or we may react interpersonally to an event we witness . Unlike other forms of communication, intrapersonal communication takes place only inside our heads . Intrapersona...