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  Shannon and Weaver model of communication or Mathematical Theory of Communication (1949) has been the most important and influential stimulus for the development of other models and theories in communication. Shannon Weaver model of communication was created in 1949 when Claude Elwood Shannon wrote an article “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” in Bell System Technical Journal, with Warren Weaver. Shannon was an American mathematician whereas Weaver was scientist. The Mathematical theory later came to be known as Shannon Weaver model of communication or “ Mother of all Models ”. It is more technological than other linear models.   A Schematic Diagram of Shannon’s General Communication System   Concepts in Shannon Weaver Model Sender (Information source) _ Sender is the person who makes the message, chooses the channel and sends the message. Encoder (Transmitter) _ Encoder is the sender who uses machine, which converts message in signals or binary da...

  Lasswell’s communication model was developed by communication theorist Harold Lasswell (1902-1978) in 1948. Lasswell model of communication (also known as action model of communication or linear model or one way model of communication) is regarded as one of the most influential model of communication. Components of Lasswell’s Communication Model Lasswell’s communication model has five components which is used as an analysis tool for evaluating the communication process and components. The components are the questions to be asked to get the answers and keep communication going. Components Meaning Analysis Who The communicator or sender or source of message Control Analysis Says What The content of the message Content Analysis In Which Channel The medium or media Media Analysis To Whom The receiver of the message...

  The defamation Ordinance, 2002 is one of the laws, which were promulgated by President General Musharraf as a package of media laws in 2002. Prior to this Ordinance, „defamation‟ was a „criminal offence‟ under the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC), 1860. Sections 499-502 of PPC deal with the„ criminal defamation‟ and provide a procedure for its adjudication by Sessions Court as an offence.   However, under the Defamation Ordinance, one can file a suit – a case of civil court jurisdiction – for damages as well. The Ordinance defines kinds of defamation i.e. libel and slander. It also provides defences in defamation proceedings. These defences include:   a) Fair comment on the matter in the public interest; b) Truthfulness of matter made for public good; and c) Absolute or qualified privilege.   Section 6 of the Ordinance defines Absolute Privilege and Section 7 explains what constitutes Qualified Privilege. Absolute Privilege is “any publication of stat...

  Foundation, Goals, and Priorities Communism was an economic-political philosophy founded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the second half of the 19th century. Marx and Engels met in 1844, and discovered that they had similar principles. In 1848 they wrote and published "The Communist Manifesto." They desired to end capitalism feeling that it was the social class system that led to the exploitation of workers. The workers that were exploited would develop class consciousness. Then there would be a fundamental process of class conflict that would be resolved through revolutionary struggle. In this conflict, the proletariat will rise up against the bourgeoisie and establish a communist society. Marx and Engels thought of the proletariat as the individuals with labor power, and the bourgeoisie as those who own the means of production in a capitalist society. The state would pass through a phase, often thought of as a socialism, and eventually settle finally on a pur...

  There are many ways to report the news. Below are types of articles that can be found in a newspaper and information on how each one is special. 1. News Article: An article about a current event. This type of article reports the facts of the event, with no opinions of the reporter. 2. Feature Story: A longer, more detailed story on a person, an issue, or an event. This type of article may use some creative writing, making it more entertaining to read. 3. Column: A piece of writing that contains the writer’s personal views on a topic. The column is a regular feature of the newspaper, but may not always be written by the same person. 4. Editorial: An article in which journalists give their opinion on an important issue. 5. Advertisement: A paid message in magazines or newspapers promoting products, store sales, and business grand openings. 6. Graphics & Captions: Visual elements (photos, clip art, graphs, or cartoons) added to the text to make it more interesting ...